The Mysterious Picture - story - Charles De Coster

 Tyl, in the course of his wanderings from court to court, rode to the palace of the Archduke of Battenburg on his donkey. His clothes and appearance attracted everyone’s attention. His cap was set smartly on his head and the three bright feathers on it danced in the breeze as he rode. At the main entrance to the palace, the Captain of the Guards called out to him, ‘Hei there! You fellow on the donkey! We don’t allow any loafers here. You and your donkey already look like skeletons.’ 2 The Captain of the Guards was a tall, well-built, red-haired man of about twenty-five. He was handsomely dressed in his gold-braided uniform. Tyl looked at him coolly and then dismounted from his donkey. He bowed low and said, ‘May God bless you, Sir Captain! If I look like a skeleton, it is not my fault. I’m very hungry. I’ve come here because I’m forced to. If you will be so good as to give me a piece of the gold cord that you wear on your coat, I’ll go and hang myself by the teeth on that large leg of mutton that I see hanging in that butcher’s shop.’ 

 The Captain was playing a game of chess with another officer. He looked curiously at Tyl. ‘Where do you come from?’ he asked ‘From Flanders,’ replied Tyl. ‘What do you want?’ ‘I should like to show His Highness, the Archduke, one of my paintings. I’m a painter.’ ‘Well, if you are a painter and if you come from Flanders, you may come in,’ said the Captain somewhat impressed. The Captain knew that Flemish painters and their pictures were in great demand all over Europe. Tyl was presented to the Archduke. He saluted the Archduke three times and stood before him with his head bowed. ‘May, your Highness pardon me for my rashness in thinking that one of my paintings will please your Highness. I have brought a picture of Our Lady, the Virgin, in her royal robes. I have painted it specially so that I might lay it at your noble feet.’ Tyl paused a few moments for his words to sink in. Then he continued, ‘You must forgive me, Your Highness, if I’ve dared to hope that this picture will please you. Perhaps Your Highness might wish to offer me the chair of your court painter who died recently. I can see the empty velvet chair waiting to be filled.’ The Virgin’s picture was a splendid painting and the Archduke made up his mind at once. 

He embraced and kissed him on both cheeks. He said, ‘I shall be delighted to make you my court painter.’ He directed him to the chair and made him sit on it. ‘Well, my dear fellow,’ he said, ‘you do have a tongue in your head and you certainly seem to know how to use it. You are a very talkative fellow, aren’t you?’ 4 ‘Your Highness, may it please you to remember me and my donkey, Jeff, for just one more minute,’ Tyl replied. ‘My donkey has been feeding himself fairly well all along the way on the thorns in the hedges and the grass on the roadside. But I have had nothing to eat for the past three days. My stomach has been complaining very loudly. Perhaps Your Highness can even hear it now. I have been feeding myself with dreams of good food and drink at your royal table.’ The Archduke smiled and said, ‘Well, my dear fellow, you will certainly have something more solid than dreams to feed on.

 But where is your donkey?’ ‘I left him outside, opposite the palace. I shall be most grateful if Jeff is looked after. He needs a little fodder and lodging at night,’ said Tyl. The Archduke immediately ordered the donkey to be taken care of and he added. ‘Treat it like one of my own animals.’ 5 Before long, supper was served and it was like a wedding feast. The tables were loaded with every kind of food and drink. Wine flowed like water. The courtiers stuffed themselves with the choicest dishes. The Archduke made Tyl eat and drink until his stomach was about to burst. The Archduke too ate heartily. His face was flushed with drink. But he seemed lost in thought. He suddenly looked up and said loudly, ‘Our court painter must paint our portrait, so that we will have the satisfaction of leaving our memory to our descendants. We too have to take our place in history along with our noble ancestors whose portraits adorn these walls. It is sad to think of death. We do not know when God will think fit to summon us. But our portrait should be painted.’ 

6 Tyl quickly replied, ‘Your Lordship’s slightest wish is to me command. All the same I do feel rather unhappy about painting Your Lordship all by yourself. Is it not terrible to think of Your Lordship being lonely for ever and ever? Don’t you think, ladies and gentlemen, that His Highness should be accompanied at least by Her Highness, her ladies, the noble generals and captains who adorn this court? A court like this has few rivals in splendour, loveliness and chivalry. In the midst of such valour and beauty I will make my Lord and Lady shine forth like the moon surrounded by lanterns.’ 

 The Archduke thought that it was a good idea.‘Well, my friend, your painting will be a great piece of art. What reward do you expect for it?’ ‘A hundred pieces of gold. You can pay me now or later just as you please.’ ‘Here are the hundred pieces of gold in advance,’ said the Archduke, giving him the gold. ‘My Lord, you are the most generous of masters. You have filled my lamp with oil. It will for ever burn in your honour.’ 8 The next day Tyl asked the Archduke to allow him to see all the courtiers who were to be painted along with him. They came and saw him one by one. The first to come was the Commander-in-Chief of the Army. He was a short, fat, bald man with an enormous paunch. He whispered in Tyl’s ear, ‘When you paint my picture, remember you are to make me look handsome. If you do not make my stomach look flat, I’ll have you hanged. Remember I was once a very handsome soldier.’ 

 An elderly lady came next. She had a large hump on her back. ‘Sir painter,’ she said softly, ‘make me look young and beautiful. If you don’t remove the hump on my back and supply what I lack in beauty, I will have you torn to pieces.’ A young lady, who was the companion of the Duchess, came in as soon as the old lady left. She was young and pretty, but had lost three of her front teeth in an accident. She warned Tyl that if in her picture she didn’t see herself smiling, with a perfect set of pearly teeth, she would have him cut into small bits by her lover. She pointed to the Captain of the Guards. Similar requests and threats continued until he had finished with the last of the courtiers. Then the Archduke sent for him and said, ‘My dear fellow, I want your portrait to be perfect in every detail. You are to paint all my courtiers exactly as we see them. If you leave out a mole, a pimple, or a single grey hair, I’ll have you slaughtered like a pig.’ 

 Tyl coolly thought things over and said to himself, ‘If I paint this picture, I shall certainly be killed. Either the Archduke will have me slaughtered like a pig for having disobeyed him or the courtiers will have me murdered for painting them as they really are. In either case I am to die. What am I to do? Perhaps it is wiser not to paint this picture at all.’  The following day he asked the Archduke for the hall where he was to paint the picture. He was shown a large room with bare walls. Tyl asked for thick curtains to be hung on the walls. He wanted his painting to be protected from the flies and the dust. He also asked for three assistants to help him in mixing colours. The Archduke gave him all that he asked for. 

 For thirty days Tyl and his assistants feasted themselves on the choicest dishes and drank the finest wines. On the thirtyfirst day the Archduke thrust his nose in through the door and said, ‘It is time that you finished the painting. I am eager to see it. Is it ready?’ Tyl said that the picture was being completed and that he needed some more days to finish it. The Archduke replied that as long as the painting was perfect in every detail, he was prepared to be patient. The delay of a week or two did not matter, he said. Tyl and his companions continued their merry-making for another fortnight. On the forty-fifth day, once again the Archduke poked his nose in through the door. ‘Isn’t it time that the picture was completed?’ he asked. Tyl said that the portrait was being given the finishing touches. He begged for some more time. The Archduke said that his delay did not matter so long as he did an excellent job. But he added, ‘You should either complete the picture within fifteen days or you should show me the unfinished picture now.’ Tyl promised to complete the picture within fifteen days, saying that only a few minor details remained to be filled in. ‘Should Your Lordship see the painting now, you would not be satisfied with it,’ he said. 

 Tyl and his companions enjoyed themselves for yet another fortnight. On the sixtieth morning, the Archduke forced his way into the room and said, ‘I must see the picture at once. Where is the picture? Draw those curtains apart!’ ‘The picture is ready, My Lord,’ announced Tyl. ‘Then why don’t you draw the curtains? What’s the matter?’ the Archduke asked. ‘I want you to grant me one last favour,’ said Tyl.. ‘Please order all the courtiers to assemble in this room. When they are here I want to say a few words to them and then I will draw the curtains.’ 14 The Archduke ordered all the courtiers to assemble in the hall. Tyl addressed them, ‘My Lord, ladies and gentlemen, the picture is ready. You will now be able, as I draw the curtains, to see how well I have done my work. You can all admire my work. But I must warn you that there is something very special about this picture. Only those among you who have noble blood in your veins will be able to see this painting. All the rest, whatever their rank or position, will see nothing but a blank wall. Now I’ll draw the curtains.’ Tyl flung the curtains aside. 

 The courtiers outdid one another in showing their admiration for the picture. They praised Tyl for his splendid painting. They remarked how natural each one of them looked in the picture and eagerly  pointed out their friends and acquaintances. All of a sudden the Duke’s jester leaped into the air and shouted, ‘All of you know that I am a fool and I’ve no blue blood in my veins. I can see no picture but only a blank wall.’ ‘When fools begin to talk,’ observed Tyl, ‘it’s time for wise men to walk.’ He calmly strode out of the hall and rode away on his donkey. The feathers in his cap danced in the gentle breeze.

writer

 Charles De Coster (1827-’79), the father of Belgian literature, was born in Munich. His masterpiece is The Legend of Tyl Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedzak (1867), a 16th-century romance, which was barely read in Belgium because it did not meet up to the conventional standards of Belgian nationalism. But it gained popularity all over the world. It is considered as one of the classics in Belgian literature.

.SET EXAM 2019- 2020 BOTANY DETAILS OF SYLLABUS

SECTION – A 

UNIT 1 A. MICROBIOLOGY: 

1. Bacteria : Classification, Ultra structure, Nutrition, Reproduction and Growth, 2. Respiration, Genetic recombination and Antibiotics. 3. Soil Microbiology (Rhizosphere, Nitrogen fixation, Mycorrhiza), Microbiology of Air, Water, Food and Sewage. 4. Industrial Microbiology (Fermentation processes, Bioreactors, organic acids and vitamins). 5. Application of microbes in Biotechnology and genetic engineering, Single Cell proteins, Microbes in decomposition and recycling processes and bioconversion of waste products. 6. Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Chlamydia (brief account). 7. Viruses: classification, Structural organisaion, Infection, Reproduction, Viroids 8. Virions, Prions, Retroviruses, Single stranded viruses and Interferons. 9. Microbial diseases in plants, animals and humans, 10. Immunology: Immunity, mechanisms, regulation of Immune responses 11. Immunogens, Immunoglobulins - formation and reaction 12. Immune system - Lymphocytes and accessory cells 13. Cellular immunity and Humoral immunity, Autoimmunity, MHC. 14. Immunological memory, Adjuvants, Lymphokines. T-cell receptor. 15. Epitopes, Monoclonal antibodies, immunological techniques and applications.

 B. PHYCOLOGY: 

1. Taxonomy of algae- principles and modern trends. 2. Algal cell structure and thallus structure- prokaryotic, mesokaryotic and eukaryotic organizations. 3. Reproduction and life cycle. 4. Economic importance.

 C. MYCOLOGY: 

1. Taxonomy of fungi- principles and modern trends. 2. Structure, reproduction and phylogeny. 3. Economic importance.

 D. LICHENOLOGY:

 General account. 

E. PLANT PATHOLOGY: 

 2 1. Host-parasite interactions and defense mechanisms. 2. Control methods, biological control, fungicides and pesticides, sanitation, disease resistance, epidemiology and quarantine. 3. Study of plant diseases: Brown spot and false smut of paddy, White rust of sweet potato, Mosaic and leaf spot of tapioca, Powdery mildew of rubber, Rust of coffee, Red rust of tea, Leaf rot of betel wine, Red rot of sugar cane, Katte disease of cardamom and Rhizome rot of ginger.

 F. BRYOPHYTA 1. 

General characters, taxonomy, origin, evolution and phylogenitic trends. 2. General account of Sphaerocarpales, Marchantiales, Jungermanniales, Calobryales, Anthocerotales, Sphagnales, Andreaeales, Funariales, Polytrichales. and Fossil bryophytes.

 G. PTERIDOPHYTA 

 1. General characters, taxonomy, origin, evolution and phylogenitic trends, stelar evolution and telome concept. 2. Apospory, apogamy and parthenogenesis. 3. Brief study of fossil pteridophytes – Rhynia, Lepidocarpon, Sphaenophyllum and, Zygopteris. 4. General Account of Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphaenopsida and Pterospsida. 

H. GYMNOSPERMS 1. General characters, distribution, phylogeny, classification and economic importance. 2. General account of Cycadofilicales, Caytoniales, Bennettitales, Pentoxylales, Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales and Gnetales. 

UNIT 2 I. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS 

1. Brief study of importance of taxonomy, Essentialism, Nominalism, Empiricism, 2. Evolutionary systematics and Phylogenic systematics. Study of systems of classification by Linnaeus, Bentham and Hooker, Engler and Prantl, Bessey, Hutchison and Takhatajan including critical evaluation of their basic tenants. 3. Plant Nomenclature: Brief account of ICBN including Author Citation, Type Method, Rule of Priority, nomenclatural terms and taxonomic keys. Role Botanical Survey of India. 4. Elementary treatment of Cytotaxonomy, Chemotaxonomy, Numerical Taxonomy. (Taximetries), Molecular Taxonomy and Cladistics, 5. Evolutionary taxonomy, primitive and advanced characters, monophyly and polyphyly, parallelism and convergence, homology and analogy and Origin of angiosperms. 6. Study of the following Angiosperm families based on morphological peculiarities, economic importance, interrelationships and evolutionary trends: Ranunculaceae 3 Magnoliaceae, Cruciferae, Polygalaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Rhamnaceae, Vitaceae, Leguminosae, Rosaceae, Droseraceae, Rhizophoraceae, Melastomaceae, Lythraceae, Passifloraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Umbelliferae, Rubiaceae, Compositae, Ebenaceae, Oleaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Genetianaceae, Boraginaceae, Solanaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Acanthaceae, Verbenaceae, Labiatae, Nyctaginaceae, Amaranthaceae, Podostemaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Piperaceae, Lauraceae, Loranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, Casuainaceae, Orchidaceae, Scitamineae, Amaryllidaceae, Lilliaceae, Commelinaceae, Palmae, Araceae, Alismaceae, Cyperaceae and Gramineae. 

UNIT 3 J. EMBRYOLOGY

 1. Microsporogenesis and male gametophyte: Pollen fertility, sterility viabilityand germination. 2. Megasporogenisis and embryosacs: development and types. 3. Pollination: primary and secondary attractants, ultra structural and histochemistry of style and stigma, pollen-pistill interactions. 4. Fertilization: barriers, incompatibility and methods to overcome it (intra ovarian pollination, in-vitro fertilization), embryo rescue. 5. Embryo endosperm and seed development: Polyembryony and Parthenocarpy. 6. Palynology: Recent advances, pollen allergy, economic importance Mellissopalynology, role of apiaries in crop improvement.

 UNIT 4 K. ECONOMIC BOTANY

 Study of the Botanical name, Family, morphology of the useful parts and utility of the following: 1. Cereals and Millets (Rice, Wheat, Ragi) 2. Legumes (Soybean, Square bean or Winged bean, Horse gram, Ground nut) 3. Sugar yielding plants (Sugar cane and Sweet potato) 4. Spices and condiments (Turmeric, Cinnamon, Pepper, Nutmeg, Allspice) 5. Fibre (Cotton and Coir), Dyes (Indigo, Henna) 6. Rubber (Para rubber) 7. Gums (Gum Arabic, Karya gum) 8. Resins (Dammars), 9. Gum resin (Asafoetida), 10. Oil (Coconut oil, Sesame oil, Palm oil), 11. Medicinal plants (Ocimum, Acorus, Dioscoria, Neem) 12. Food additives and colours (Saffron, Annatto). 13. Wood yielding (Jack tree, Teak, Rose wood, Ailanthus, Dita bark tree)

 UNIT 5 L. ETHNOBOTANY

 4 1. Relevance in modern medicine. 2. Ethnic societies of Kerala and their traditional herbs. 3. Ethnobotanical explorations and documentation. 4. Medicines derived from ethnobotanical leads. 5. Herbal drug development and validation. 

SECTION B UNIT 

6 M. HISTOLOGY 1. Origin, structure and function of cambia and their derivates. 2. Abnormal cambia, Anomalous secondary thickening. 3. Structure of wood (soft wood, hard wood, sap wood, heart wood) and role of extractives in wood quality. 4. Nodal anatomy, Root-stem transition, transfer cells. 5. Anatomy in relation to Taxonomy.

 N. MICROTECHNIQUE AND HISTOCHEMISTRY

 1. Scope of histochemistry and cytochemistry in Biology. 2. Buffers, reagents and fixatives and chemistry of fixation. 3. Tissue processing techniques for light microscopy ( hand and serial sections, squashes, smears and maceration). 4. Microtomes ( Rotary, Sledge, Freezing Cryostat and Ultratomes). 5. Biological stains: chemistry and classification (general and specific, vital stains and fluorochromes). 6. Tissue processing techniques for electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). 7. Detection and localization of primary metabolites – Carbohydrates (PARS reaction). 8. Proteins (Coomassie brilliant blue staining), Lipids (Sudan Black method). 9. Enzyme histochemistry and Cytochemistry (General information).

 UNIT 7 O. BIOCHEMISTRY 1.

 Chemical bonds: Ionic bond, Covalent bond, Atomic orbitals, Concept of hybridization, bonding in organic molecules effect of bonding on reactivity, polarity of bonds-bond length- bond angle-hydrogen bond, dissociation and association constant. 2. Carbohydrates: Structure, function and metabolism of including hormonal regulation. Glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis. Interconversion of hexoses and pentoses. 3. Lipids: Lipid oxidation, Biosynthesis of fatty acids, Biosynthesis of Triacyl glycerol, diacyl glycerol, monoacyl glycerol, Phospholipids, Cholesterol. 5 4. Proteins: Classification (based on structure, function and localization). Structure and molecular composition (Ramachandran plot), Purification. 5. Amino acids: Transamination, deamination, classification, amino acid metabolism. 6. Nucleic acids: Structure, replication and modification; Enzymes for synthesis and degradation. Biosynthesis of bases. RNA biosynthesis, Transcription and translation. 7. Enzymes: major groups, distribution of plant enzymes; functional compartmentation; soluble and membrane bound enzymes, purification, localization of enzymes by electrophoresis, Zymogram, Isozyme analysis, abzymes. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 8. Plant Hormones: Chemistry, biological functions and biosynthesis of auxins, cytokinins, gibberelins, abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene. 9. Vitamins: plant sources as anti oxidants-Chemistry and biological roles of fat soluble and water soluble Vitamins. P. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY: 1. Cell wall architecture. Water movement in plants and stomatal physiology. Interrelations of soil and cellular water. 2. Structure and organization of plant cell membranes, ion transport across the membrane, roles of ATP asses and G-Proteins. 3. Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic pigments, Photochemistry, Electron transport, Phosphorylation and oxygen evolution. Water oxidizing clock, Photosystem I and II, RubisCo, Photo inhibition, phytochromes, carbondioxide fixation (C3-C4 pathways, Crassulacean acid metabolism, energetics of CO2 fixation, Bacterial photosynthesis). 4. Photorespiration, glycolate metabolism, Mechanism of photorespiration. 5. Respiration-Glycolytic pathway of glucose degradation; Oxydative Pentose phosphate pathway, anaerobic, TCA cycle, Respiratory chain, Electron transport and Terminal oxidation. 6. Transport of metabolites: Xylem and phloem sap translocation. 7. Photoregulation and growth responses: Plant morphogenesis. Physiology of flowering, fruit ripening, senescence and abscission, 8. Thermoregulation: vernalisation. 9. Physiology of Seed germination, Seeding growth and the storage tissues, glyoxylate cycle in fatty seeds 10. Physiological response of plants of stress. Various stresses viz. drought, heat and cold and salinity. 11. Defense mechanism in plants: Phytoalexins, phenyl propanoid pathway in plants. 12. Tree Physiology: Leaf canopies, Radiation environment and plants. Tree-water relations. 13. Allelopathy: Plant derived compounds.

 SECTION C UNIT 8 Q. ECOLOGY 6 1. Approaches based on levels of organization concept and habitat, interaction between environment and biota, Autecology and synecology, Law of limiting factors. 2. Ecosystems: concept of ecosystems, Components of ecosystem, Types of ecosystems (freshwater, marine and terrestrial). 3. Ecological energetics: Application of laws of thermodynamics, food chain, food web, trophic levels, ecological pyramids, material recycling and energy flow. 4. Development and evolution of ecosystems. 5. Plant community: Concept of community, Plant community and Vegetation. 6. Methods for the study of communities: Floristic, Physiogenomic and Phytosociological methods. Classification of communities: Raunkiaer’s and Clements’ systems. 7. Concept of community organization: Individualistic concept of Gleason, Vegetation continuum concept of Ittaker and Curtis, Ecotone. 8. Major terrestrial plant communities: Deserts (Dry and Cold), Tundra, Grass land, Savannah, temperate forest, tropical rain forest, mangrove. 9. Ecological concept of species: Genecology, Ecads (Ecophenes), Ecotypes and Ecospecies. 10. Pollution: Causes, effects and preventive measures of air, water, soil and radiation pollution.

 R. PHYTOGEOGRAPHY 1. Static phytogeography and dynamic phytogeography. 2. Geological history and evolution of plant life. 3. Theories concerning present and past distributions of plant life, Effects of continental drift, glaciation and land bridges on plant distribution. 4. Phytogeographic regions of world (Vegetational belts). 5. Soil, climate, flora and vegetation of India. 

S. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 1. Concept, aim and principles of conservation. 2. Convention on biological diversity: Objectives, Definition of biodiversities, Roles of ICU (IUCN), MAB, Red data book, Threatened categories of plants. 3. Conservation strategies (In-situ and Ex-situ conservation), Biosphere reserves, Wild life sanctuaries and National parks. 4. Agriculture and conservation of resources: Novel agricultural technologies - Green manures, Biofertilizers, Biological pest control, nitrification inhibitors, Wind mills for irrigation, Solar energy for drawing ground water, bio-gas for cooking and slurry left to be used as fertilizers. 5. Urbanization and Conservation: Planning for environmentally compatible human settlements and strategy for sustainable industrial development. 6. Conservation and energy: Causes of energy crisis, Conventional and NonConventional energy sources, non-polluting energy systems(Solar energy, Wind energy and energy recovery from solid wastes). 7. Conservation of Physical resources (All physical factors of environment).

 7 T. EVOLUTION: 1. Origin and evolution of life 2. Classical and synthetic theories of evolution. 3. Forces of evolution, Mechanism of evolution. 4. Species concept, Speciation. 5. Isolation mechanisms. 6. Evolution above species level. 7. Molecular evolution.

 SECTION D UNIT

 9 U. CYTOLOGY AND CYTOGENETICS 1. The cell: ultra structural study of cell organelles giving importance to their functional Inter-relationship. 2. Cytoskeleton: its role in cell organization and motility. 3. Nucleus: importance of nucleus in cell metabolism, Nucleus as the centre of genes and genetic regulation in eukaryotes. Nuclear envelope: structure and dynamic aspects of nuclear envelope and pore complex. 4. Nucleoplasm: Constituents. 5. Chromosomes: organization of chromatin fibre, uninemic folded fibre organization and bead string organization. Nucleosomes: structural and functional organization. 6. ‘Chemistry of chromosomes: Histone and non-histone proteins and their organization in the three dimensional configuration of chromosome. Structure and function of Kinetochore, NOR and other secondary constrictions, satellites, heterochromatic segments and telomeres. 7. Nucleolus: Ultrastructure (Pars chromosoma, Pars fibrosa, Pars granulosa, Pars amorpha). Variations in nucleolar ultra structure. Functions and origin of nucleolus. 8. Special types of chromosomes: Lamp brush and polytene chromosomes, 9. Numerical variations of chromosomes: Haploidy, aneuploidy and polyploidy. 10. Structural variations and meiotic behaviour of chromosomes -Deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation. 11. Stages of cell cycle: Mitotic apparatus, Cytokinesis, Meiosis: Synaptonemal complex, structure, function and significance of the various stages of meiosis. 12. Theories and mechanism of crossing over: Stern’s experiment and Me Clintock Creighton experiment, Crossing over at tetrad stage. 13. Genetic consequence of meiosis, intercellular interaction. Cell recognition, specific cell adhesions and contact inhibition. 

V. GENETICS I. Classical Genetics 1. Mendelism: Critical evaluation. 8 2. Gene interactions: Interactions of two genes (epistatic and non-epistatic interactions) and its biochemical interpretation. Interaction of more than two genes (coat colour in mice – three genes). 3. Dominance relationships with examples: Incomplete dominance, co-dominance, mosaic dominance and delayed dominance. 4. Lethal genes: Classification with examples: Autosomal dominant lethal, autosomal recessive lethal, sex linked dominant genes, sex linked recessive lethal. 5. Penetrance and expressivity. 6. Allelism and multiple alleles: origin of new alleles, types of alleles with examples (iso alleles, pseudo alleles and multiple alleles). 7. Polygenic inheritance: Quantitative characters with examples. Works of NilssonEhle and East, Multiple factor hypothesis, Normal curve of the F2 distribution, elucidation of the number of genes involved and the effect of individual genes, modifiers, specific modifiers, heritability and role of environment. 8. Chromosome theory of inheritance: Evidences (white eye mutation and nondisjunction in Drosophila). Chromosomal mechanisms of segregation, independent assortment and sex determination, dosage compensation, Barr body, Lyon’s hypothesis, sex-linked inheritance. 9. Linkage, recombination and linkage maps: Concept of coupling and repulsion, concepts of linkage, linear arrangement of genes, linkage groups, complete and partial linkage and recombination. Linkage maps, three point test crosses, interference, coefficient of coincidence and negative interference. 10. Molecular maping methods: RFLP mapping, chromosome walking, chromosome jumping and molecular makers. 11. Extra chromosomal inheritance: Maternal inheritance of cytoplasm, plasma genes plastid genome, mitochondrial genome, mitochondrial inheritance and episomes with examples. 12. Microbial genetics: Genetic recombination in viruses (lysogenic and lytic cycles in bacteriophages with experimental evidences, retro viruses, reverse transcription, onco viruses and oncogenes). Bacterial recombination (transformation, Conjugation, Conjugation mapping, F-duction and Transduction. Recombination in fungi (tetrad analysis), complementation tests. 13. Biochemical Genetics: Contributions of Garrod, Beadle and Ephrussi, and Beadle and Tatum. 14. Gene concept: Factor concept (Mendel), presence and absence theory (Bateson), gene- enzyme relationship (Garrod), one gene-one enzyme hypothesis (Beadle and Tatum), concept of Cistron, muton and recon (Benzer). Brief discussion of house keeping genes, smart genes, split genes (luxury genes), transposons, overlapping genes, gene cluster, gene families, orphan genes, homeotic genes, pseudo genes and selfish genes. II. Molecular Genetics 1. Genetic Material - DNA as genetic material, DNA constancy, C-Value paradox, B-DNA and Z-DNA.

 2. DNA replication: Semi conservative mode of replication (Messelson-Stahl experiment). The system of replication (template, deoxy nucleotide tri-phosphate pool, enzymes and protein factors). The mechanism of replication (unidirectional and bi-directional replication, replication fork, leading and lagging stands, 9 Okasaki fragments), DNA polymerases, topoisomerases, gyrases, ligases and nucleases, proof reading and repair. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA replication. 3. DNA damage and repair: Photo reactivation excision repair, recombinational repair, SOS repair. Defects of DNA repair system (Blooms syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosum, retinoblastoma). 4. Mutations-Types of mutations and methods of detection of mutations, Molecular mechanism of spontaneous and induced mutations, High radiation belts of Kerala. Mutagenic effects of food additives, drugs etc. Ames test. 5. Genetic code: Experiments of Crick, Nirenberg and colleagues and Hargobind Khorana. Features of the genetic code and its exceptions. 6. Protein synthesis: Transcription, transcriptional units, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic RNA polymerases, RNA processing and Translation. 7. Gene regulation: Gene regulation in viruses: cascade mode of expression of early, middle and late genes in viruses. Gene regulation in prokaryotes: Operon concept, positive and negative control attenuation, antitermination. Eukaryotic gene regulation: heterochromatinisation and DNA methylation. DNA methylases, DNA rearrangement. Transcriptional regulation- signal transduction upstream and down stream. Regulatory sequences and transacting factors, activators and enhancers. DNA binding by transcription factors. Britten and Davidson model, Post transcriptional regulation. RNA processing-hnRNA, introns and exons, capping, poly adenylation, splicing, snRNAs and spliceosomes. Translational regulation and post translational regulation. Cleavage and processing of proteins. Genetic imprinting. Environmental regulation of gene expression. 8. Gene synthesis: Kornberg’s in vitro replication of ƒOX174 DNA, Khorana’s artificial synthesis of the genes for alanine transfer RNA and tyrosine transfer RNA of yeast. Gene synthesizing machines. 9. Molecular genetic techniques: DNA sequencing method (Sanger, Maxam and Gilbert), nucleic acid hybridization and Cot curves, PCR, RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, Blotting techniques (western blotting, dot blotting, slot blotting, DNA finger printing and foot printing. 10. Genetic Engineering: Tools and methods, DNA isolation, purification, cDNA, gene cloning-vectors and vectorless methods, PCR, Recombinant DNA, cutting and joining DNA, Restriction enzymes and Ligases, gene transfer, vectors and vectorless methods, identification of transformation, Genetically modified organisms, plants, animals and microbes, applications, public perspectives of recombinant DNA technology, Human Welfare. III. Population Genetics, Human Genetics etc. 1. Population Genetics: Systems of mating and their genetic effect. Hardy-Weinberg law, factors affecting gene frequencies, genetic drift, founder effect, genetic load, consanguinity and its genetic effects. 2. Human Genetics: Mendelian characters in humans, blood group systems, human karyotype and syndromes caused by its aberrations, genetic diseases caused by gene mutations, amniocentesis, genetic counseling. 3. Genomics: Genome organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Genomic RNA, structure of chromatin, coding and noncoding sequences and satellite DNA., sequencing of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Reverse genetics. 4. Gene therapy - Somatic cell and germline gene therapy. 10 5. Developmental genetics - Genetic control of development in plants and animals (developmental genes in Arabidopsis and Drosophila), Role of cytoplasm in development. Animal cloning. 6. Somatic cell genetics: Dynamism of genome in somatic cells, gene amplification, transposons, gene modifications and rearrangements in somatic cells with stress to immune system, Hybridoma technique. 

W. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology- Nucleic acids and proteins. 2. Molecular structure of proteins, protein folding, domains in proteins, cloning strategy, protein, site directed mutagenesis for protein studies. 3. Molecular mechanism of Nitrogen fixation in Azotobacter and Rhizobia. Genetic regulation of Nitrogen fixation. 4. Molecular mechanism of photosynthesis, regulation in nuclear and chloroplast gene expression, mitochondrial genome organization and function. 5. Molecular biology of various natural stresses.. 6. Structural polymorphism of DNA, RNA and three dimensional structure of tRNA. 7. Genomics: Structural genomics, Genetic and Physical mapping, microsatellite map, positional cloning, genome sequencing, genome databases, human genome project. Functional genomics, transcriptome, protenome and metabolome, microarrays and gene chips, Comparative genomics. 8. Bioinformatics: Detecting open reading frames, gene prediction, programmes for finding genes, secondary databases of functional domains, molecular phylogenetic programmes, comparing nucleotide and amino acid sequences using BLAST. Programmes for determination of protein structure. Molecular modeling, drug designing, drug targeting 

 X. PLANT BREEDING 1. Introduction: Objectives in Plant breeding. 2. Floral Biology: in relation to selfing and crossing techniques. 3. Reproduction in plants: in relation to breeding. 4. Sexual reproduction: objectives and methods of emasculation and pollination, raising F1 hybrids. 5. asexual reproduction: Vegetative apomixis and Adventive embryony, Non recurrent apomixis, diplospory, apospory, parthenogenesis, androgenesis automixis, semigamy, agamic complex, polyembryony. Role of apomixes in plant breeding. 6. Sterility: Environmental and morphological sterility, gametic and zygotic sterility, somatoplastic sterility, inviability, weakness, breakdown of hybrids, cytoplasmic and genetic sterility, cytogenetic and biochemical basis of sterility. Significance in plant breeding. 7. Breeding Methods: Sources of plant germplasm. Centres of genetic diversity. Concepts of de-Candolle and Vavilov. Genetic erosion threatened species 8. Plant introduction: Types and procedures. Preservation and utilization of germplasm. 11 9. Selection: Principles, genetic basis and methods. Mass selection, pure line selection, clonal selection. 10. Hybridization: Objectives, choice of parents, problems and causes of failure of hybridization - Incompatibility and sterility - Methods of overcoming - genetic consequences of hybridization. Methods (Bulk method and pedigree method). Role of interspecific and intergeneric hybridization. 11. Back-cross breeding: Theory and procedure. 12. Inbreeding: consequences. 13. Heterosis: Theories, genetic and physiologic basis, applications in plant breeding. Steps in the production of single cross, double cross, three-way cross and synthetic cross. 14. Sterility: Use of male sterility in hybrid production. Genetic, cytoplasmic, Genetic and cytoplasmic sterility. 15. Polyploidy breeding: induction of autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy, chromosome manipulation (chromosome addition and substitution lines), achievements. 16. Mutation breeding: Situations suitable for mutation breeding. Materials needed for treatment. Physical and chemical mutagens. Handling of mutants. Evaluation of mutants in Mu M2 and M3 generations. 17. Modified methods: Recurrent irradiation, split dose irradiation, combination treatment, achievements, advantages and disadvantages 18. Resistance breeding: Causes of diseases, disease resistance breeding, concepts of disease triangle, degree of resistance, basis of resistance (structural biochemical, physiological and genetic). physiological races of pathogen and pathotype specialization. Genetic basis of virulence and plant-pathogen resistance, vertical and horizontal disease resistance. Methodology of disease resistance breeding. Artificial production of epiphytotic conditions and screening procedures for resistance. 19. Multiline production:- achievements, Idiotype breeding, Concepts, examples. 

Y. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY 1. Definition, impact of biotechnology: an overview. 2. Plant tissue culture techniques: Different types of cultures, organogenesis, cell suspension culture, cell line selection, in vitro mutagenesis, somatic cell genetics, selection for biotic and abiotic tolerance. Somatic embryogenesis, artificial seeds, applications. Somatic hybridization, production of cybrids, asymmetric hybrids use of protoplasts in genetic transformation, somaclonal variations. Haploid production- anther and ovule culture, dihaploids and polyhaploids, applications. 3. Production of secondary metabolites: Cell immobilization, bio-reactor technology. 4. Conservation of germplasm: in vitro strategies, cryopreservation and international exchange of germplasm. . 5. Genomic and organelle DNA isolation: methods of gene identification, DNA amplification -vector mediated and vectorless methods - Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Restriction, digestion and ligation; restriction mapping, genomic and cDNA libraries. 6. Methods of gene transfer in plants. Agrobacterium and CaMV mediated gene transfer; direct gene transfer using PEG, micro injection, electroporation, microprojectile (biolistics) methods, liposome mediated DNA delivery; 12 Transposons as vectors; use of mixed vectors, transient and stable gene expression in transgenic plants. 7. Analysis and expression of cloned genes: DNA sequencing, DNA markers, RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, LCR, Antisense RNA. 8. Application of gene cloning and transformation techniques in plants.

 Z. HORTICULTURE 1. Concept and Scope. 2. Famous gardens in the world and in India 3. Tools and Implements, Plant growing structures. 4. Plant propagation: Cutting, laying, Grafting and Budding. 5. Cultural practices: Thinning, Training, Trimming and Pruning. 6. Fertilizers: Biofertilizer, Green manure, NPK , Compost-Vermicompost. 7. Outdoor horticulture- Gardens: Vegetable garden, Medicinal plant garden, Roof garden, Fruit garden, Lawns and Landscapes. 8. Commercial horticulture - Nurseries, Indoor plants and flowers. 9. Arboriculture - Pruning, Bracing, Feeding and transplanting, Bonsai. 10. Floriculture: Commercial floriculture, home floriculture. 11. Plant growing problems and their control: Disease and pest control. UNIT 10 AA. BIOPHYSICS 1. Vander Vaal’s electrostatic, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. 2. Concepts of free energy and Thermodynamic principles in Biology. 3. Principles and applications of light and electron microscopy, bright field phase contrast, fluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cytophotometry, flowcytometry, micrometry, camera lucida, photo micrography. 4. Principle and applications of Gel filtration, Ion exchange and affinity chromatography. HPLC, Electrophoresis, Electro focusing, ultra centrifugation. 5. Principles of biophysical methods used for analysis of biopolymers: X-ray diffraction: fluorescence; UV visible, IR, NMR, ESR, Spectroscopy. Atomic absorption spectroscopy. 6. Principles and applications of tracer techniques in biology. Radiation dosimetry. Radioactive isotopes; Autoradiography, Cerenkov radiation, ORD/CD. hydrodynamic methods, plasma emission spectroscopy, liquid scintillation.

 AB. BIOSTATISTICS 1. Principle and practice of statistical methods in biological research: Sources and presentation of data. 2. Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode. 3. Measures of Dispersion: Range, Quartile deviation, mean deviation, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and standard error. 13 4. Probability: Basic concepts, addition theorem, multiplication theorem and conditional probability. 5. Theoretical distributions: Binomial, Poisson and Normal. 6. Test of statistical significance: Chi-square test and t-test. 7. Simple correlation and regression. 8. F-distribution and analysis of variance. 

AC. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 1. Common elementary computer science. History of development of computers. Mainframe, minis, micros and super computer systems. 2. General awareness of computer hardware - CPU and other peripheral devices (input/output and auxiliary storage devices). 3. Basic knowledge of computer systems, soft ware and programming language. 4. File management- handling and creation of files. 5. General awareness of popular commercial software packages and scientific application packages. Statistical application, Histograms and graphs. 6. Multimedia presentations. 7. Internet Browsing. Role of Websites and their organization. 

2019 SET EXAM INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES FOR FILLING IN THE OMR ANSWER SHEET

1. Candidates appearing for SET shall ensure that his/her OMR Answer sheet has two pages - the Original and a thin Carbon Copy attached to it. The Candidate should not separate the pages of the Answer Sheet. The items marked by the candidate in the original sheet will be carried over to the carbon copy in the form of impressions. Hence, while marking the original sheet the candidate should ensure that the two pages are aligned properly and enough pressure is given so that the markings made in the Original Sheet against each item are exactly reproduced in the Carbon Copy. 

2. All entries in the Answer Sheet are to be made in the Original Answer Sheet only. 

3. A specimen copy of the OMR Answer sheet is attached to the Prospectus for familiarisation.

 4. The Answer Sheet has two parts- “BASIC DATA” on the left side and “ANSWERS” on the right, with a thin perforation in between, length wise. Fill in all the entries on the left side (Basic Data part) before beginning to answer the questions. 5. Filling BASIC DATA part (left side of the sheet). The following boxes and appropriate bubbles should be filled in with black/blue ink ball point pen. i. Paper: As there are two papers for the SET, fill in the bubble corresponding to the paper the candidate is appearing (ie; Paper-I or Paper-II) ii. Roll number: Enter/Fill in the Roll Number as given in the admit card. The boxes and appropriate bubbles (against boxes 2&6) should be entered/filled in with black/ blue ink ball point pen. The Roll number should be entered without any correction or over writing. iii. Question Booklet Number*: In the boxes 3 & 7 of the OMR sheets, the candidate should enter his/her Question Booklet Number * Note: The “Question Booklet Number” should be filled in only after receiving the Question Booklet. iv. Name of the Examination: Write the name of the examination as SET June - 2019, in box 4. v. Date of Examination: Write down the date of Examination in box 

5. vi. Name of Candidate: Name of the candidate is to be entered in box 8 as given in the Admit Card. vii. Certification: The candidate has to sign in box 9 and the signature should be identical with the signature affixed in the Admit Card and in the Attendance Sheet. The item “Signature of the Invigilator” will be affixed by the concerned person. 

6. ANSWERS: (Right side of the OMR Sheet) Do not write your Roll Number or Name or make any stray mark on this part of the sheet. Do the marking for answering only in the spaces provided.

SET EXAM 2016 ANTHROPOLOGY DETAILS OF SYLLABUS

1. Socio-Cultural Anthropology Meaning and Scope; its relation to other disciplines; British, American and Indian traditions; Ethnography and Ethnology Basic concepts: Society, Culture and Civilization; Community, Group, Institution, Association; Status and Role; Social Structure and Social Organization Marriage: Types and Functions; Preferential and Prohibited, Incest Taboo; Marriage Regulations, Marriage payments; Universal definition of marriage. Family: Types and Functions; Indian Joint Family System; Universality of Family Kinship: Terms and Usages - Classificatory and descriptive; Kinship behaviour; Rules of Descent; Patterns of residence, inheritance and succession; Kin Groups. Economic Organization: Types of Economy: Subsistence and Surplus; Modes of production: hunting and gathering, horticulture, pastoral and agricultural; Modes of Exchange: barter, ceremonial exchange, reciprocity, redistribution, market exchange. Political Organization: Politics and Government; Authority systems and Pattern of leadership; Stateless and State societies. Centralisation and Decentralisation; Legal and other mechanisms of social control; Political and Reform Movements. Religion: Theories of origin of religion; Magic, religion and science; Totemism, myth and ritual; Sacred and profane, Rites of passage.

 2. Bio-Physical and Archeological Anthropology Meaning and scope of Biological Anthropology; Its relation to other disciplines Human evolution and variation; Theories of evolution: Lamarckism, NeoLamarckism, Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism; Synthetic theory Man’s place in the animal kingdom; Primates; Relationship between Humans and Apes; Fossil Evidence and the emergence of humans: Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Pithecanthropus, Neanderthals, Cro-Magnon Human Genetics and Inheritance; ABO Blood Group system, Rhesus Blood Group System Human variation: Race and Racism; Racial classification: Caucasoid, mangaloid, and Negroid Meaning and scope of Archaeological anthropology; its relation to other branches of knowledge; Pre-history, Protohistory, History Major stages in prehistoric cultural evolution: Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic; Methods of Dating and their relevance in Archaeology Tools, artefacts, assemblages, site, and industries; Stone Tool Typology 

3. Indian Society and Culture Peasant Societies: definition and characteristics; Conceptual tools in the analysis of peasant societies, Social organization of tradition. Indian village communities: Features, settlement pattern, solidarity; Jajmani system Caste and class theories; Varna and Jati; Purity and Pollution; Concept of Dominant caste. Social Mobility; Fission and fusion Processes of change: Industrialization, Urbanization, Sanskritisation, Westernisation and Modernisation Folk-urban and Tribe-caste continuum; Great Tradition and Little Tradition; Universalisation and Parochialisation; Sacred Complex Important Pioneers of Indian Anthropology: L. K Ananthakrishna Iyer, G.S. Ghurye, N.K. Bose, D.N. Majumdar, Verrier Elwin, M.N. Srinivas, A. Aiyappan, S.C. Dube, L.P. Vidyarthi

 4. The Tribes of India Concept and definition of tribe; The views of Redfield, E. M. Foster, Andre Beteille, Surajit Sinha; Distribution of tribes in India: Geographical. Linguistic classification. Major tribes of India and Tribes of Kerala Transformation of tribes; Theories of transformation: Verrier Elwin to K. S. Singh; Tribal movements. Tribal Issues: Forest, Land Alienation, Indebtedness, Poverty, Illiteracy, Displacement; Tribal development policies and programmes; National Tribal Policy 

5. Research Methodology Fieldwork tradition in Anthropology; Difference between Field research and Survey research Inductive and Deductive research strategies; Emic and Etic Approaches Basic techniques and methods of data collection and Analysis: Interview, Observation, Schedule, Questionnaire, Case Study and Extended Case Study Method, Genealogy, Controlled comparison, Content analysis, and Interpretation.

 6. Theory of Culture Basic Concepts: Culture, Culture Traits, Culture Complex, Culture Area, Age Area; Cultural Relativism Theories of Cultural Evolution: Morgan, Tylor, Steward, White, Sahlins and Service. Theories of Cultural Diffusion: Beals, Kroeber, Wissler Malinowski and the theory of need and institution Theories of social structure: Radcliffe Brown, Fortes, Nadel, Leach. Social structure as a model: Levi-Strauss. Raymond Firth on social structure and organization. Cultural Materialism of Marvin Harris Patterns of Culture. Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead National Character Studies: Mead, Linton, Kardiner 

7. Development Anthropology Concept of Development; Theories, Models and Approaches; Indices and Measures of Human Development; Human Development Index. Sustainable Human Development Development Planning; Rural Development; Panchayati Raj; Land Reforms. Tribal Development Administration; Concept of Scheduled Tribes; Scheduled area; Scheduled Caste; Backward classes and minority communities Constitutional Safeguards for SCs and STs.

 8. Ecological and medical Anthropology Meaning and Scope and Theories of Ecological Anthropology; Environmental determinism and Possiblism; Cultural Materialism; Cultural Ecology; Human Ecology Various modes of Adaptations in pre-industrial societies: Hunting-gathering, Fishing, Pastoral Nomadism, Shifting cultivation, Horticulture, Settled cultivation Health, Culture and Society: Concepts of health and disease; Epidemiology. Ethno medicine; Medical Pluralism in India Application of Anthropological knowledge in promoting healthcare in tribal and rural communities. 

SET 2019-20 PHILOSOPHY DETAILS OF SYLLABUS

 UNIT - I - INDIAN PHILOSOPHY 

 1 General characteristics of Indian Philosophy - Vedic Religion and PhilosophyConcept of Rta- Upanishad- Central teachings 2. Bhagavat Gita - Nishkama karma-God- Stitha prajna-Lokasamgraha 3. Orthodox and heterodox systems. Charvaka Meaterialism - Metaphysics - Epistemology and Ethics 4. Buddhism: Four Noble Truths; No soul theory; Doctrine of Momentariness, theory of dependent origination - AstangaMarga-Nirvana 5. Jainism- Categories- Anekanta vada- Syad vada -Bondage and liberation 6. NyayaVaisesika –Categories-Pramanas- causation-Atomism 7. Samkhya yoga: Metaphysics- Causation- Prakriti-Purusa evolution-Astanga yoga 8. Purva mimamsa- Epistemology - causation – Dharma 9. Advaita-Adhyasa-Maya-Vivarta vada-Satta traya- Jiva-Jivan mukti- Visistadvaita –Saguna Bhrama-Refutation of Maya-Aprathaksiddhi -Bhakti Prapatti- DvaitaPancha bheda- saksi-Bhakti. 10. Contemporary Indian Philosophy. Swami Vivekananda : Practical Vedanta, universal religion Sri Aurobindo : Evolution –Involution-Supermind-Integral yoga Iqbal-God-Self-Superman Radhakrishnan : Intellect and intuition J.Krishna Murthi-Freedom from the unknown- Analysis of the self. Mahatma Gandhi-Ahimsa-Satyagraha-Swaraj-Sarvodaya. Ambedkar-Varna and the caste system –Neo-Buddhism.

 UNIT - II - WESTERN PHILOSOPHY 1.

 Greek Philosophy : Socrates-Method- Virtue is Knowledge. Plato -Theory of Knowledge-Theory of Ideas Soul and God. Aristotle-Theory of causation-Form and Matter- Potentiality and actuality- Soul and God. 2. Medival Philosophy St. Augustine-God-problem of evil St. Anselem- Faith and reason-Ontological argument St. Thomas Aquinas- Proofs for existence of God 3. Rationalism: Descartes- Method-Clear and distinct ideas- Cogito ergo sum- Innate ideas – Mind-body interactionism. Spinoza – Substance-God-Pantheism-Mind-body problem. Leibniz- Doctrine of Monads-Pre-established harmony-The best of all possible worlds. 4. Empiricism : Locke- Refutation of innate ideas-theory of knowledge-primary and secondary qualities. Berkeley- -Immaterialism-Esse est percipi-Rejection of abstract ideas Hume- Impression and ideas-causation-self. Kant- Copernican revolution-Synthetic aproiri judgements- Categories of understanding-space and time-Phenomenon and noumenon. 5. The critical Philosophy Idealism Hegel- Absolute Idealism-Dialectical method-Concept of being-Non-being & Becoming. 6. Linguistic philosophy and Logical positivism Wittgenstein- earlier and later Wittgenstein-Ideal language Ordinary language- Language and Reality- Picture theory- Philosophy and Language-Use theory of language. Logical positivism- The verifiability theory of meaning- Verification PrincipleRejection of Metaphysics- Unity of Sciences. 

UNIT - III – LOGIC 1.

 Nature and Scope of Logic-Propositions-Categorical-Conditional-Classification of Categorical Propositions- Distribution of terms in AEIO propositions- Euler's circle 2. Inference-immediate – Mediate-Opposition of proposition-Square of OppositionObversion - Conversion 3. Syllogism, Categorical , Hypothetical, Disjunctive – (Structure, rules and fallacies)- Dilemma – Types – Structure and rule – Methods of meeting a dilemma. 4. Induction: Induction and Deduction – Problem of Induction – Material and formal grounds; Scientific Induction; Stages of Induction; Scientific view of causation - Mill’s methods 5. Symbolic Logic - Advantages – Variables and Constants – Truth and Validity – Truth functional connectives – statement and statement Form – basic Truth Tables.

 UNIT - IV – ETHICS 1.

 Nature and Scope - Normative science – Freedom of the will – law of Karma – Contemporary influence of Ethics – Hedonism – Psychological and Ethical 2. Utilitarianism of J.S. Mill – Bentham – Kantian Ethics – Categorical Imperative – Postulates of Morality – Ethical Theory of Bradley. 3. Ethical Sceptism – Origin and development – Approval of logical Positivists – Ayer and Carnap. 4. Rights and Duties – Cardinal virtues – Theories of punishment – Deterrent – Retributive and Re informative. 5. Professional ethics – medical ethics – legal ethics – Ethics for teachers and students. 

UNIT- V – CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY 

 1. Phenomenology – Basic characteristics – Edmund Husserl – Doctrine of Intentionality – Bracketing – Phenomenological Reduction. 2. Existentialism – Origin and Development – Chief Characterestics – Theistic and Atheistic Existentialism – Satre – Concept of freedom – Heidegger – The problem of being – Concept of Dasien. 3. Kierkegaard – Meaning and Nature of Existence – Truth is Inward and Subjective – The Spheres of existence – Aesthetic – Ethical – Religious. 4. Linguistic Philosophy – G.E. Moore – Meaning and Reference – Frege – Concept and object – Sence and Reference – Russell – Theory of definite Description – Logical Atomism. 5. Sree Narayana Guru – Unification of Wisdom – Jathi Mimamsa. 6. Chattambi Swamikal – Power and Authority – Vedadhikara Nirupanam – Redefinition of Chaturvarnyam. 6. M.N. Roy – Radical Humanism. 

2020 SET EXAM ENGLISH -DETAILS OF SYLLABUS

                                       ENGLISH DETAILS OF SYLLABUS

 UNIT I -

 CHAUCER TO THE ELIZABETHAN AGE 

Poetry: Chaucer and his age-his works- The Canterbury Tales- The contemporaries of Chaucer. The Sonnet- Philip Sidney-Tottel’s Miscellany. The Age of Queen Elizabeth- Spenser- Donne and other metaphysical poets. Prose: The rise of English prose-William Caxton - Thomas More-Utopia-Philip Sidney-Francis Bacon- The Authorised Version of the Bible-Thomas Browne-Hobbes Drama: The rise of English drama -Miracles- Moralities- Interludes- Gorboduc- Influence of Seneca- The University Wits – Revenge Tragedy- Spanish Tragedy- Marlowe-his contribution- Ben Jonson and the Comedy of Humours. 

UNIT II – SHAKESPEARE

 Shakespeare’s England-stage-influence on Shakespeare-sources-different phases of his literary career- Shakespearean comedies-tragedies-problem plays-the last plays. Sonnet of Shakespeare -Shakespearean criticism. 

UNIT III - MILTON TO 1800, THE ROMANTIC AND THE VICTORIAN AGE 

Poetry: Milton and his works - Restoration age and the Augustan Era-Dryden and PopeDr.Johnson- the precursors of Romanticism. The Romantic Revival -Coleridge and Wordsworth- The Lyrical Ballads-Different phases of Romanticism-Byron-Shelley - Keats. The Victorian Era - Conflict between science and religion -Tennyson- In Memoriam and other poems - Browning - Dramatic monologue - Matthew Arnold - Hardy- Hopkins. Prose : Milton’s prose works-John Bunyan - Dryden’s Essay of Dramatic Poesy- Jonathan Swift and his works - Addison and Steele- Dr.Johnson. Thomas De Quincy -Charles Lamb – Hazlitt - Coleridge- the development of the English novel-Walter Scott -Jane Austen – Carlyle – John Ruskin - Matthew Arnold -Walter Pater- Charles Dickens-Thackeray- George Eliot-the Brontes- Meredith- R.L.StevensionHardy and his works. Drama: Oscar Wilde and his plays. 

UNIT IV - THE MODERN ERA

 Poetry: The poetry of W.B.Yeats- the Symbolist Movement - The First World War -war poets - T.S Eliot and Ezra Pound- Modernism- The Waste Land -Eliot’s later poems – Auden, Spender and others. The Second World War -the Movement - Philip Larkin - Tom Gunn- New poets of the fifties-Ted Hughes - Seamus Heany- Andrew Motion- Post modernism. Prose: The modern novel - D.H Lawrence -James Joyce- Virginia Woolf- George Orwell -E.M Foster. Graham Greene - Golding -Kingley Amis -Angus Wilson - Iris Murdoch. Other prose writers: Russell-Huxley-Orwell- Lytton StracheyDrama: The influence of Ibsen- Bernard Shaw and his works - Galsworthy- the revival of poetic drama-T.S.Eliot- the plays of Synge –Sean O’Casey. Post war plays -Wesker- Osborne and the angry young men - Theatre of the Absurd – Beckett – Pinter - Bond Rise of English in America – Realism in American literature – R W Emerson’s Self – Reliance, Thorean’s Civil Disobedience – Rise of the novel - Mark Twain, Melville - Hemingway, Ellison and Toni Morrison – Poets - Emily Dickinson, Walt Witman, Robert Frost – Confessional poetry of Sylvia Plath – Rise of Black feminism. Indian Writers – Tagore, Sarojini Naidu, Kamala Das – Salman Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children European works – Leo Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina , Ibsen’s Doll’s House African writing – Wole Soyinka Chinna Achebe - J M Coetzee Canadian writers - Margaret Lawrence’s Stone Angel Carribean writers – V S Naipaul’s A House for Mr. Biswas – English as a global language.

 UNIT V - PHONETICS, HISTORY AND STRUCTURE OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAG AND FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR

 Aspects of language: phonetics, morphology, syntax, and semantics. Family of Languages- Old, Middle and Modern English- characteristics Standard English-Language variations-loan words-word formation-semantic changes. Morphemes and words-classification of words- Structural Grammar - T.G.Grammar - basic concept. Functional grammar- usages-phrasal verbs-Idioms-Synonyms and antonyms.

 UNIT VI - LITERARY THEORY AND CRITICISM AND TEACHING OF ENGLISH

 Literary theory as a basic discipline-Aristotle- Poetics- Dryden- Matthew Arnold - T.S.Eliot-I.A.Richards-F.R Leavis-New criticism-structuralism-DeconstructionFeminism-Post colonial theory. Theory and practice of language teaching -Conceptual frame work – bilingualism – multi-lingualism- Principles of language teaching - aspects of socio-linguistics - communicative approach to language. Psychological approach to language learningLearner factors- age -aptitude-personality. Methods of language teaching: Grammar translation method - direct method -audiovisual method-structural method-functional method-class room procedures-Lesson planselection and grading - student participation-group work-Seminars-tutorials and library work.