"Chilean mining accident"-The 2010

The Copiapó mining accident in 2010, also known as the "Chilean mining accident", began on Thursday, August 5, 2010 with a collapse at the San José copper and gold mine, located in the Atacama desert 45 kilometers (28 miles) north of the regional capital of Copiapó, in northern Chile. Thirty-three men, trapped 700 meters (2,300 feet) underground and 5 kilometers (3 miles) from the mine entrance via spiral underground ramps, were rescued after 69 days.

After state mining company Codelco took over the mine owners' rescue efforts, exploratory wells were drilled, and seventeen days after the accident, a note was found taped to a drill bit pulled from the surface: " We are well in the refuge, the 33 "(" We are well in the refuge, the 33 of us ").

Three separate rig teams, nearly all of the Chilean government ministries, the United States' NASA space agency, and a dozen corporations around the world cooperated to complete the rescue. On October 13, 2010, the men were dragged to the surface one at a time, in a specially constructed capsule, as estimated by one billion people worldwide. With few exceptions, they were all in good medical condition with no anticipated long-term physical effects. Private donations covered a third of the $ 20 million cost of the bailout, with the rest coming from the mine owners and the government.

Previous geological instability at the former mine and a long history of safety violations for the owners of the mine, San Esteban Mining Company, had resulted in a series of fines and accidents, including eight deaths, during the twelve years prior to this accident . After three years of work, the lawsuits and investigations into the collapse concluded in August 2013 with no charges filed.

KNOW ABOUT THE 'MASK' IN CORONA SEASON

A surgical mask, also known as a procedure mask, medical mask or simply as a face mask,is intended to be worn by health professionals during surgery and during nursing to catch the bacteria shed in liquid droplets and aerosols from the wearer's mouth and nose. They are not designed to protect the wearer from inhaling airborne bacteria or virus particles and are less effective than respirators, such as N95 or FFP masks, which provide better protection due to their material, shape and tight seal.

Surgical masks are popularly worn by the general public all year round in East Asian countries like China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan to reduce the chance of spreading airborne diseases and to prevent the breathing in of airborne dust particles created by air pollution. Additionally, surgical masks have become a fashion statement, particularly in contemporary East Asian culture bolstered by its popularity in Japanese and Korean pop culture which have a big impact on East Asian youth culture. More recently, due to the rising issue of smog in South and Southeast Asia, surgical masks and air filtering face masks are now frequently used in major cities in India, Nepal and Thailand when air quality deteriorates to toxic levels. Additionally, face masks are used in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore during the Southeast Asian haze season. Air filtering surgical-style masks are quite popular across Asia and as a result, many companies have released masks that not only prevent the breathing in of airborne dust particles but are also fashionable.

Simple surgical masks protect wearers from being splashed in the mouth with body fluids, and prevent transmission of body fluids from the wearer to others, e.g. the patient. They also remind wearers not to touch their mouth or nose, which could otherwise transfer viruses and bacteria after having touched a contaminated surface (fomite). They can also reduce the spread of infectious liquid droplets (carrying bacteria or viruses) that are created when the wearer coughs or sneezes.There is no clear evidence that disposable face masks worn by members of the surgical team would reduce the risk of wound infections after clean surgical procedures.

Evidence supports the effectiveness of surgical masks in reducing the risk of infection among other healthcare workers and in the community. In community settings, facemasks must be coupled with other measures such as avoiding close contact and maintaining good hand hygiene to reduce the risk of getting influenza according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the United States in its guidance regarding the 2009 swine flu outbreak.

For healthcare workers, safety guidelines recommend the wearing of a face-fit tested respirator mask conforming to United States standard NIOSH N95 or European standard EN 149 FFP3 in the vicinity of pandemic-flu patients, to reduce the exposure of the wearer to potentially infectious aerosols and airborne liquid droplets. The CDC provides information on manufacturers' products, and the importance of correct fitting of such masks (respirators). A printable factsheet has been designed for issue to those unaccustomed to respirator use.

Surgical masks are popularly worn by the general public in East Asian countries to reduce the chance of spreading airborne diseases. In Japan and Taiwan, it is common to see these masks worn during the flu season, as a show of consideration for others and social responsibility. Surgical masks provide some protection against the spread of diseases, and improvised masks provide about half as much protection. Some countries like Slovakia introduced mandatory masks in public transport and public spaces during the coronavirus pandemic in 2020.

Surgical masks may also be worn to conceal identity. In the United States banks, convenience stores, etc. have banned their use as a result of criminals repeatedly doing so. In the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, some protestors wore surgical masks amongst other types of mask to avoid recognition, and the government tried to ban such use.

A dust mask is worn in the same fashion as a paint mask or surgical mask, but it is dangerous to confuse the three because they each protect against specific airborne dangers. Using the wrong mask for a job can present a significant and possibly deadly danger as many dust masks with widely varied levels of protection may look similar, and even masks that do not protect against dust at all, such as paint masks and surgical masks. Misfitting masks are also a danger as they allow a material to bypass the mask entirely. A correct fit may not be as critical in masks that are intended to protect against splattering liquids or mists. Dust masks are manufactured to protect against only certain dangers, and do not protect against chemicals such as vapors and mists. For this reason, it is dangerous to confuse dust masks with paint masks.

Dust masks are a cheaper, lighter, and possibly more comfortable alternative to respirators, but may not provide as much protection, and may be more susceptible to misuse or poor fit.

Some dust masks include improvements such as having two straps behind the head (one upper and one lower), having a strip of aluminum on the outside across the bridge of the nose that can be bent for a custom fit, and having a strip of foam rubber on the inside across the bridge of the nose to ensure a good seal even if the aluminum on the outside does not fit.

Dust masks that incorporate these improvements into their design often receive the (USA) NIOSH N95 rating, which is indicated by the letters "N95" being printed directly on the mask, and are often the required rating for masks used by construction workers working around non-poisonous dusts.

A dust mask is also used to protect the wearer from inhaling dust or sand in a dust storm or black blizzard.

Some masks are used for medical purposes:

• Oxygen mask, a piece of medical equipment that assists breathing
• Anesthetic mask
• Burn mask, a piece of medical equipment that protects the burn tissue from contact with other surfaces, and minimises the risk of infection
• Surgical mask, a piece of medical equipment that helps to protect both the surgeon and patient from acquiring infection from each other
• Face shield, to protect a medical professional from bodily fluids
• Pocket mask or CPR mask, used to safely deliver rescue breaths during a cardiac arrest or respiratory arrest.   

You can examine your self-the Corona Rate of Symptoms

Those infected with the virus may either be asymptomatic or develop flu-like symptoms that include fever, cough and shortness of breath. Diarrhoea and upper respiratory symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, or sore throat are less common. Cases can progress to pneumonia, multi-organ failure and death in the most vulnerable.

The incubation period ranges from two to 14 days, with an estimated median incubation period of five to six days, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The median time from onset to clinical recovery for mild cases is approximately 2 weeks and is 3-6 weeks for patients with severe or critical disease. Preliminary data suggests that the time period from onset to the development of severe disease, including hypoxia, is 1 week. Among patients who have died, the time from symptom onset to outcome ranges from 2-8 weeks.

One study in China found that CT scans showed ground-glass opacities in 56%, but 18% had no radiological findings. 5% were admitted to intensive care units, 2.3% needed mechanical support of ventilation and 1.4% died.Bilateral and peripheral ground glass opacities are the most typical CT findings. Consolidation, linear opacities and reverse halo sign are other radiological findings.Initially, the lesions are confined to one lung, but as the disease progresses, indications manifest in both lungs in 88% of so-called "late patients" in the study group (the subset for whom time between onset of symptoms and chest CT was 6–12 days).

It has been noted that children seem to have milder symptoms than adults

Rate of symptoms
Symptom-Percentage
Fever-87.9%
Dry cough-67.7%
Fatigue-38.1%
Sputum production-33.4%
Shortness of breath-18.6%
Muscle pain or joint pain-14.8%
Sore throat-13.9%
Headache-13.6%
Chills-11.4%
Nausea or vomiting-5.0%
Nasal congestion-4.8%
Diarrhoea-3.7%
Haemoptysis-0.9%
Conjunctival congestion -0.8%

                    Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease has spread globally since 2019, resulting in the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic. Common symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath. Muscle pain, sputum production and sore throat are less common symptoms. While the majority of cases result in mild symptoms, some progress to pneumonia and multi-organ failure. The deaths per number of diagnosed cases is estimated at between 1% and 5% but varies by age and other health conditions.

The infection is spread from one person to others via respiratory droplets, often produced during coughing and sneezing. Time from exposure to onset of symptoms is generally between 2 and 14 days, with an average of 5 days. The standard method of diagnosis is by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) from a nasopharyngeal swab or throat swab. The infection can also be diagnosed from a combination of symptoms, risk factors and a chest CT scan showing features of pneumonia.

Recommended measures to prevent the disease include frequent hand washing, maintaining distance from other people and not touching one's face. The use of masks is recommended for those who suspect they have the virus and their caregivers but not the general public. There is no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19; management involves treatment of symptoms, supportive care and experimental measures.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak a pandemic and a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Evidence of local transmission of the disease has been found in many countries across all six WHO regions